New Challenges in Journalism - 1
June 19, 2009 by admin
Category New Challenges in Journalism , Media Seminars
Today, journalism, economic globalization on the one hand the concentration of ownership structures created by living in a crisis due to new technological developments on the other hand, efforts to overcome this crisis requires the questioning of the concept of traditional journalism. By the 1980s, fundamental changes in almost every area, in line with the transfer function of the media society, information and news pushed the second plan. Accumulation area of the media while becoming a highly profitable for capitalism, the media industry has changed the ownership structure of the image of a change in public communication. The global media, global financial markets have become important işleyebilmesinde, seen as a barrier to the functioning of the free market and "public benefit" that the removal of regulations on behalf of the intervention and the global media giant monopolies, which were laid deregulation applications. Concentration of the media sector, is now a rapidly increasing monitoring power. Ben Bagdikian have studied this subject, published in 1983, "The Media Monopoly" in his book is dominated by the company specifying the area of media up to 50, 1996, the 5th of the same book this number dropped to 10 edition of the book's 2004 edition of the number of companies that dominate the media sector fell to 5. These are Time Warner, Disney, Murdoch's News Corporation, Bertelsmann of Germany and Viacom'dur. Concentration, as well as media organizations and media owners in the informal sector has become an important business interests of media owners in the special interests in other areas fast becoming a tool used to protect and improve.
Become a major force in media companies, citizens and further deterioration of the balance between globalizing forces, has led to the deepening of inequalities. The International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the driving forces of globalization, such as the World Trade Organization imposed by the ideological battle, the media was evaluated as a strategic weapon of struggle. In this process, readers / viewers a distorted, altered, manipulated news presentation are becoming commonplace. As a result, readers have lost their trust in the media, newspaper circulation has fallen and news ratings have declined. Reliability of public opinion research, media outlets began to take positions in the ranking of the list.
Complained about the way the society making the news, newspapers, media organizations and the community of tirajlarının gradually fallen from almost become chronic in an environment that is experiencing a confidence crisis, the geçersizleşmektedir distinctions of traditional journalism. Historically, the idea emerged, such as journalism and magazine journalism distinctions, its modern citizen journalism, peace journalism, human rights, journalism, journalism, children's rights, women's rights, journalism, journalistic practices are characterized by different names such as militant journalism. The re-discussion and questioning of the process requires that the relations between the press and democracy. Because the media, the historical nature of the fourth power gained by fighting against the state in the process and purpose of empowering citizens identified as promoting democracy. However, a spokesman for the interests of time and it has become integrated in the capital. At this point, the media consumer audience, "the public", "community", "citizenship", "responsibility" means contacts between such concepts have been sought through again. Thus, only one of the news media productions through the symbolic nature of the media to gain back the search for the fourth power, efforts to fix the problems with living in the Western democracies have emerged. In this process, getting re-examine the concepts of public interest and social responsibility, responsible for the media behave, and how the public debate on how best to serve revived. One of the questions in this debate came up again possible transmission of the media is whether the facts impartially.
Impartiality, political trends, the state of purification, ie, the limit to be put in between shows and comment on news events. According to the concept of neutrality, the news / political and ideological yansızdır messenger. Neutrality, in practice, their own feelings of journalists on a particular topic, regardless of the interests and value judgments of the parties to submit their views tell. Important issues on the agenda of the public who choose to act aimed at neutral journalists, that a party who decide these matters, the people that they represent the views and pass on the viewer in an objective manner. However, having to Information is a power and control. Power is very difficult to defend its neutrality and impartiality, legitimacy, arguing actually earned to certain practices and relationships. Testament every word, every concept, every sentence, every paragraph, every subject and each image carries a particular meaning, the meaning carried by the unbiasedness obstacle. Bias, the selectivity of all connection points of the process occurs in the chain of news: First the reporter (their beliefs, attitudes and values framework) detected by the event there is a certain way. News in the second stage, consciously and unconsciously, every one of the editors who decide what and how the government goes anlatılacağına. Top management, advertisers, government officials and so on. often are involved in conscious decision-making process; personal / professional beliefs, attitudes and values play a role in the election of the subconscious.
Discussion of the neutrality principle, is important for ensuring conditions for democratic debate. Because journalism can not exist without a government. If journalists can not be without public knowledge and interests, to defend their own. Therefore, for the healthy operation of democracy must create an alliance between journalists and the public. However, journalists and citizens can not be the expected outcome of these negotiations katılamadıkça equal footing. One of the factors that prevent journalists from most of the journalists to the public between the alliance stands for traditional neutrality. Neutrality, American journalists put the British colonial authorities had to fight against censorship is seen as an important principle throughout the Revolution. However, later in a time when newspapers are heavily dependent on patronage of political parties, against American journalists, the public has been responsible for many bosses, By the 1840s the emergence of low-priced newspapers, newspapers, political parties are now economically and not become dependent on advertisers, so that the cheap newspapers publishers now have the opportunity to takınabilme a political stance of neutrality.
Understanding of traditional journalism journalists to take a neutral stance, this process requires yadsımalarını their viewpoints. In opinion of neutrality, this kind of property to encourage journalists to make the ethical judgment is not, because it requires subjectivity in ethical judgments. Therefore, having a certain angle of vision is found not necessarily a bad thing, including segments of society who do not have to announce enough new journalistic voices lead to applications. The most important of all, public journalism (public journalism) is known as. Public journalism (public journalism), citizen journalism (civic journalism), or sometimes linked to community journalism (journalism community-connected) concept of the so-called new journalism, journalists and academics as well as a debate between the large and controversial exhibits. According to some, a reform of citizen journalism, according to some traditions, to return, according to some, a temporary fashion, according to some ridiculous hevestir. Citizen journalism, community relations, media consolidation and development of public space in order to fulfill the function of the proposed approach, although there is uncertainty in both diagnosis and the application level. If there is a new model of journalism where journalists are controversial for a number of techniques. However, the 20 century, especially posed by some U.S. newspapers, later adopted by other countries, the media concept of citizen journalism, journalism is an important initiative that requires re-thinking on.
Become an ordinary citizen journalism, or at what point the future of traditional journalism clearly unanswered question. Interpretations by different news organizations and citizen journalism in different ways to implement it, a number of different approaches adopted by the employees, although the basic features can be summarized as follows:
• stories and ideas with citizens to listen to on a regular basis;
• Community news about the issues important to investigate alternative ways of framing;
• News about matters of public debate and citizen kurgularken to promote an understanding of frames to choose to create;
• While important public issues become news, public information on possible solutions and alternative way to take the initiative to develop the possibilities of action;
• set up a communication with the public on how to constantly think of a better and more respected.
In practice, different practices were collected under the name of citizen journalism and citizen journalism are discussions about what is in dispute. The most important point in these discussions, the reporter stands for haberleştireceği of events. Breakdowns of the system to remain as independent observers questioning from journalists offering the sides instead of the traditional journalistic approach to citizen journalism, journalists, activists, participants should be on the road to resolution proposes. In contrast, the mainstream media, critics, journalists, observers and participants to leave their roles when they become defensive or arguing that the impartiality and credibility yitireceklerini criticizes citizen journalism.
Meanwhile, developments in communication technology and the recognition of the right to information, citizen journalism movement that offers new perspectives are considered as possibilities. On the other hand, the same developments also brings into question the necessity of journalism as a profession. Their right to information reported to reach every citizen with Internet access provision, and it becomes possible to network technologies have been advocated for smear facilities.
The citizen journalism movement is seen as a participant and in 2000 founded OhmyNews in South Korea like sites, citizen journalism is considered as proof of applicability.
OhmyNews site using computerized networking technologies, "OhmyNews every citizen is a reporter with the slogan" have emerged. To the site every day, housewives, students, professors, and other news sent to hundreds of citizen journalists. 53 permanent staff reporter and editor in the next 26 700 citizen journalist site has about 1 million readers. It offers a combination of news and comment site news stories from citizens of this nation's editorial pages are evaluated by the department are placed. Oh Yeon-Ho, founder and president of the site, according to OhmyNews, traditional press discontentment needed to bring together citizens, born of a desire to talk with each other site.
OhmyNews one hand, the current president, Roh Moo-hyun `u moving to power, on the other, taking him to Japan stepped into the Japanese Internet bank conglomerat Softbank'ı and began to employ the new news center, the first citizen journalists. Softbank, a full 11 million dollars invested in this project. Creates a turning point in the general elections in 2002 `for OhmyNews. Opinion forming a monopoly on conservative candidate Lee Hoi-Chang since the major media organizations, while the left-liberal candidate Roh Moo-hyun'a OhmyNews, providing support for range of motion through the eyes looked loser of elections Roh'yu Returns support, virtual community is the contribution to power. Besides the political weight of the scandal, which led to many reports, OhmyNews has been signed. Chief among these leaders in the Communist Party in North Korea by Hyundai company, large quantities (approximately 190 million dollars) to uncover the secret donation is made.
The home page of a news reporter for OhmyNews'ın paid 15 euros. Also, if the reader likes the news reporter "tip" is able to provide. The newspaper can be reached online news for free. Technical developments in the site's success is closely related to the field of citizen journalism. Sites such as OhmyNews, technological advances into daily use, using a large number of web-based reader won many changes in the U.S. weblogs, or "blog" s, started to attract attention. A free online self-publishing sites such as Blogger.com accessible with the use of tools olunabilince with global reach, this new network technologies, many people reporting this as an opportunity for the assessment of which has led to new insights.
Thanks to new possibilities, BuzzMachine.Com in the well-known bloggers like Jeff Jarvis, attracting a large audience to the site. Jarvis, called hyperlocal journalism, journalistic style, but it appears so trivial a reporter tired of news about events of interest to local readers include. Given the events of a regional meeting, include everything from educational to sports. Also, a monitoring event is carried out on a large media news groups. Jarvis weblog'unda citizen watchdogs (watchdog), bloggers, news reports are correct, or personal yanlılıklarının sızmadığını infiltrate reporters to see the catch. For example, Watch'da Wilgoren, The New York Times White House correspondent Jody Howard Dean Campaign Wilgoren'in citizens examined by way of making news.
The reader / viewer Breaking up news organizations, but partly distrust of the media reader / journalism taking an audience responds to the requirements will be possible. This kind of journalism do not fit the concept is open to the interests of the ruling powers. State of investigative journalism in recent years, the roads leading to criticize the system itself, albeit within certain dimensions, which kept alive and be developing a demonstrated understanding of journalism.
Investigative journalism, in-depth investigation of an incident, documenting, describing the removal of a journalistic expose of what's happening in the background became important as the type. However, profit pressures on media organizations, and budget cuts today, a large proportion of the high cost of the disappearance of a species that paved the way for investigative journalism. The media sector, profit pressures with citizen journalism, investigative journalism to fill out, argued that the media is fired from the vacated area.
Online sites with the tools of journalism, fundraising, such as the communities of ordinary people to organize around certain issues and move towards a certain action, there are successful examples spends most of the arguments put forward on the surface seems to Weblogs. Issues such as access to and management of cyber space, cyber space does not contain arguments, remain unsubstantiated.
In terms of journalistic practices, OhmyNews site, "every citizen is a reporter" slogan, which focused more on value. In this case, under changing conditions, news, newspapers and journalists, forcing a reconsideration of definitions and functions.
(CONTINUE)
Information: Associate Professor at Gazi University Faculty of Communication. Dr. Uzun Ruhdan on May 10, 2008 the "explore new opportunities in journalism seminar on".
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2 New Challenges in Journalism
June 19, 2009 by admin
Category New Challenges in Journalism , Media Seminars
Notebook computers, digital cameras, recording equipment and cameras are used as news spread and a decrease in going prices, offers opportunities for ordinary citizens to make their own news. Prepared news, the news media to spread the use of the internet as a tool able to reach everyone who has access to. In this case, every citizen has the ability to obtain and use the new technologies of potential problems to be solved in practice even though the reporter has become. An ordinary citizen reading the daily news / watch will reserve a limited time, considering that the news they need to reach people in a chaotic ocean of news they will need guidance is clear: what the fastest way to reports that it needs from the site, how it will achieve? Which site's content is reliable, which has been reporting on the site quickly, the enformasyonu interpret, to evaluate a website from which you will acquire knowledge?
On the other hand, Web sites and news webloglarda published, constitute a source for major media organizations. For example, in the spring of 2004, the flag-wrapped coffins of U.S. soldiers in Iraq, a citizen of digital photographs showing the pull on a plane a few days after loading, the front page of photographs published in one of the Seattle Times. To hide the losses of the war in Iraq, the U.S. administration, which prohibited the publication of images of coffins, ABC television the names and pictures of soldiers who died in the release of 721 jammed into the corner. Publishes the names and pictures of American soldiers lost in Vietnam in 1969, Life magazine inspired by the ABC, 'not only statistical but also the names and faces of the Dead' uses the slogan. Senior Republicans breathe fire server journalist Ted Koppel program, "Our goal was to losses on the policies and daily journalism. 721 names of people to provoke opponents of the war nor the war okumaktaki approving what the intent, "he said, a few days later, TheMemoryHole.org, Freedom of Information Act (Freedom of Information Act), with provisions similar to dozens of his published photo. Then, the images located in every major newspaper in Iraq, Abu Ghraib prison abuse and torture photos, and then begins to flow. Photos of Iraqi prisoners, despite all efforts to keep the truth in the direction shown, a proof of democratic values and civil rights are protected and considered as alive.
Loaded on a plane to the U.S. military coffins lifted the person who is not a journalist, a former employee of cargo to be part of, the Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad fotoğraflayanların interrogation tactics to be a soldier, which recognizes the realities of events is no longer journalists, not experiencer incident or witnessed it getirilebileceğinin raised by ordinary people who are presented as evidence.
In fact, the news that make up the event, citizens who have experienced or witnessed, according to the terminology of journalistic sources-that the stories are not published-largest media companies, network technologies have had a vehicle will bring to the masses. Newspapers get the news source directly to the story, instead of using the Internet as a secondary source of news, popular news pages provide a virtual environment.
Intense in the current period of monopolization, the media tekseslileştirmekte, news, information and opinion, constitutes a major obstacle to production. To expand the human rights of citizen journalism in this sense, the ways of being a platform call is blocked should reflect the ideas and thoughts.
Classic right to freedom of expression, ideas, ideals and freedom of information provides a non-intervention of the state are expressed. However, complete freedom, liberation and self-development also includes the freedom. In other words, human özgürleşiminin (emancipation) describes the process. Powers to make decisions regarding their own lives in all people's liberation means to prevent them. Areas where there is equality of human rights of freedom and can not be performed without interfering with citizens about the decision-making processes. Therefore, this point must consider when determining strategies for citizen journalism. All people in this kind of inclusion and participation in decision-making affecting their lives beyond the political domain, niyetlenmelidir expand. Most of the people's equality, participation and expanded technology, and culture requires participation in decision-making in areas such as the old elitist. Citizen journalism and the culture of technology development and usage of the citizens have the right to participate in the decisions you must accept and produce projects in this direction.
An important element in the principle of equality is not connected directly to the liberal tradition of freedom of information. As a result, information is accessible tools freedoms of expression that could have been just enough 'information can not support yoksulları'nı. If the neglect of basic social and economic rights such as freedom of expression and association, freedom of the erode civil and political rights.
The concept of equality, so all that is required for human özgürleşimi and self-development (socio-economic and cultural) areas should be expanded. Beyond achieving equal voting rights in democratic societies, for example, studied the creation of equal participation in cultural life. If citizen journalism, it başarabilirse, may contribute to the development of human rights.
Economic and social inequalities and these disparities are not considered a serious way to resolve arguments in terms of imposing a journalist can do to improve and expand the understanding of human rights is nothing more. If citizen journalism, consider this point, it really can be successful. Otherwise, the major media organizations can be any more than a public relations effort.
In addition, the emergence of citizen journalism, lofty ideals, but to a large extent carried out in conjunction with emerging digital technologies should be considered. Given Turkey's internet access and usage of application possibilities such limited understanding of journalism.
Citizen journalism, as well as a thought, a journalist who fought for the success of an opinion and often reflecting the problems of democracy in countries adopted a militant understanding of journalism, the journalist's neutral observer / transmitter role to intervene in the event that requires peeling off approve or encourage an attitude. According to this understanding, civic journalism and the defense of the bourgeois ideal of good governance should not be restricted by the quasi-neutrality. Al Manar television broadcast journalism career began in 1991, understanding, a militant known as journalism. Al Manar, the Hezbollah militants Organization organized attacks against the armies of Israel, which occupied southern Lebanon before the remote dropped kaydetmiştir.Karakollar vurulurken rockets, then approached the police station in the amateur camera secretly pursued the objectives of Hezbollah militias into the hand grenades were thrown, police stations with automatic weapons, then scanned, with every lead to the camera recorded. The Israeli army withdrew from Lebanon in early June of 2000, El Manar on the Palestinian issue and the ongoing military operations in Afghanistan begins to concentrate. The information from the information office of Hezbollah, immediately transferred to newsletters, distributed to worldwide markets through the Al Manar. The Middle East, Asia, Africa, the Americas and Central Europe, which broadcasts unencrypted, El Manar in Beirut, most of 300 people working in the heart, composed of volunteer messengers. Channel, news and images of violence and propaganda to the fore, has created debate in European countries. Views of European countries such as Holland and France thus encouraging violence have already decided to stop broadcasting Al Manar, but opponents of the ban, arguing that a party legally represented by Hezbollah in the Lebanese Parliament, stated that the ban restricts freedom of expression.
The traditional stance of neutrality, rejecting an understanding of other journalism and peace journalism. Peace journalism, seeking solutions to eliminate conflicts without resorting to violence, conflict, and all the problems of all parties involved in a participatory journalism active recommends adding the discussion.
Impartiality of the principles of ethics in journalism, not journalists, underline the need to be a party. Adopted by UNESCO meeting in Paris in 1983, "International Principles of Professional Ethics of Journalism", journalists ought to be a party in addition to universal values. For example, "respect for cultural diversity and universal human values," Chapter 8 Article states that:
"Journalist, peace, democracy, human rights, universal human values such as the advocates of social progress and national emancipation."
"The elimination of wars and other evils that threaten humanity" under the title of 9th In article, a journalist connected to the universal human values war, violence, hatred, discrimination, racism, oppression will cease, and peace from the idea of a journalism haklılaştıracak reported to show for the effort.
Published by the Association of Journalists in Turkey, Turkey "Turkey Journalists' Declaration of Rights and Responsibilities" of the "basic tasks and principles of Journalists" section states:
"Journalists, particularly for peace, democracy and human rights, including the universal values of humanity, pluralism, respect for differences defends. Irk, etnisite, cinsiyet, dil, milliyet, din, sınıf ve felsefi inanç ayrımcılığı yapmadan tüm ulusların, tüm halkların ve tüm bireylerin haklarını ve saygınlığını tanır. İnsanlar, topluluklar ve uluslar arasında nefreti, düşmanlığı körükleyici yayından kaçınır. Bir ulusun, bir topluluğun ve bireylerin kültürel değerlerini ve inançlarını (veya inançsızlığını) doğrudan saldırı konusu yapamaz. Gazeteci, her türden şiddeti haklı gösterici, özendirici ve kışkırtıcı yayın yapmamaya özen gösterir.”
Barış gazeteciliği şiddete değil, çatışmaya odaklanan bir anlayışı yansıtır. Savaş gazeteciliği ölü, yaralı sayıları, kim kazanıyor, kim kaybediyor türünden haberler verirken barış gazeteciliği şiddetin önlenmesi için neler yapılması gerektiği üzerinde durur, fikir ayrılıklarına odaklanır ve tüm farklı fikirlerin kendilerini duyurmalarına aracılık eder.
Savaş gazeteciliği anlayışı, medyayı bir propaganda aracına dönüştürürken, barış gazeteciliği tüm tarafların yalanlarını açığa vuran, haberde doğruluk odaklı bir gazetecilik anlayışını yansıtır. Savaşların ve şiddetin tırmanışa geçtiği, barış girişimlerinin sonuçsuz kaldığı bir dönemde barış gazeteciliği giderek daha fazla taraftar toplayan yeni bir gazetecilik anlayışı olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Eğer toplumsal güç dengelerinin eşit olmadığı bir ortamda gazeteci de tarafsız olmak zorunda değilse, bu durumda kimin tarafını tutacağı siyasal bir soru olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gazeteci de kendi işlevini ve mesleğinin temel amaçlarını yeniden sorgularken neye hizmet edeceğini, kime hizmet edeceğini iyi belirlemek zorundadır. Bu açıdan yeni gazetecilik anlayışlarının, geleneksel tarafsızlık ilkesinin uygulamada var olanı meşrulaştırma işlevi gördüğünü fark ederek taraflı bir duruşu sergilemeleri önemlidir. Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz dönemde yoğun tekelleşme, medyayı tekseslileştirmekte, haber, bilgi ve düşünce üretiminin önünde büyük bir engel oluşturmaktadır. Eğer bilgisayar ve ağlar konusunda erişim, kullanım ve beceriler konusundaki mevcut dezavantajlar değişmezse, toplumların önemli bir kesimi küresel elektronik demokrasiden dışlanacaktır. Özellikle bazı insanların seslerinin sistematik olarak dışlandığı durumlarda, sadece müdahaleden uzak olmak insanları kamusal iletişime katmayı sağlayamaz. Dolayısıyla yurttaş gazeteciliğinin, tüm insanları yaşamlarını etkileyen karar verme sürecine dahil etmesi gerekir. Bunu gerçekleştirebilmesi için de ekonomik ve sosyal eşitsizlikleri göz önüne alarak, bunları giderme yolunda ciddi argümanlar getirmesi zorunludur. Ayrıca, medyanın sahiplik yapısından kaynaklanan sorunların aşılmasında yeni yollar öneremeyen, yeni alternatifler üretemeyen bir anlayışın mevcut medya düzeninde bir değişiklik yapması beklenmemelidir.
Bilgi: Gazi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Öğretim Üyesi Doç. Dr. Ruhdan Uzun'un 10 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde verdiği “gazetecilikte yeni arayışlar” konulu seminer.
