Communication Technologies for Development I

The development of humanity, communication, and communication tools, always has been the main determining factor, and a router. Promise of the articles, an article submitted to all kinds of visual objects that transmit it means to think and work of art has shown continuous improvement of each semester, has created their own communication environment.
Covering activities for the purpose of mutual exchange of information and communication that define the tools used for this purpose, conceptually incorporates two basic elements. One of them passed all kinds of call as a product of thought and art that they are constantly evolving with the development of mankind and a certain set of values ​​that make sense. Which is the product of social activity in most of the time and constantly evolving society develops, evolves and renews itself at the mistakes of throwing the whole of these values, the basic element that directs people's lives. People's learning, research, intellectual and artistic aspects of the manifestation, through the efforts of change to create a universe gained their living conditions with others to share the findings and implications, earning it the idea of ​​spiritual and material development of this process naturally plays the dominant role.
All of these values ​​has been created, the facts and to be able to make sense of events in the life of individuals and society, first of all to share with others, and require future generations. The communication tools that will allow it. This is the second basic element of communication is. Arising as a result of man's intellectual and social efforts, knowledge and its development of humanity and its derivatives to be transmitted, as well as to develop tools that will allow its transmission has been a joint effort. Because the values ​​are created, the event and for the transfer of cases to be expressed before the transfer is necessary, and then others mentioned. This can only become possible with the development of communication tools. Until the emergence of the language development of the Internet, in the historical process, all the communication tools developed, thought and art products and events and has had important functions in the transfer of cases. Transfer of knowledge with only limited impact of emerging communication tools, but also transferred the format has changed the nature and content. Technological developments and their use in conjunction with the field of communication, verbal, printed, visual product communication method, and many think, and art has allowed the emergence of the profession. Communication with a science and profession, have positioned itself in line with these developments, each period consisted of the theoretical foundations of their own.
Always been the main determining factor in the development of communication tools of communication. Because the communication tools, the format to be transmitted in accordance with its capabilities and capacities, determined the nature and content directly. Undoubtedly the most fundamental element in providing communication in the historical process language. Array of symbols and mental activities, which is a product of language, thought, the basic tool for the development and transfer. Language is an indispensable qualification for all the communication tools have shortcomings, and a team without him, but survives in a medium of communication. Transfer of information began to develop in conjunction with the development of verbal language, always carried great significance and importance declined in any period, even some basic knowledge of communication tools has been the transfer method. However, verbal communication method to show the same effect as the transfer of information retention and future generations. Especially the increase of knowledge, but also in the process of transferring verbal communication, inadequate storage and keep it, and brought up the need to be saved, and this has led to of the writing. BC Years from the first millennium Uruk IV tablets of the Sumerians understood that the written documents. Then began to be used effectively in writing and continuous improvement in all societies evolutionary process continued until the present day.
To save the environment in which the question of writing naturally brought him. At first, the natural environment stones, clay tablets, bark and leaves, BC Obtained from the papyrus plant, and since it was 3300'lü papers bearing the same name, and BC 2. parchment made from animal skins for centuries in the Bergama, has been used as writing material. Which is an important writing material for centuries, and today sustains the effectiveness of the paper, first in 105 AD by a Chinese court official, Tsai Lun, produced and developed. Prisoners of war taken captive Arabs in Samarkand in China showed the Arabs the art of making paper. Harun al minor (764-809) 800 until the year Baghdad saves paper, and then paper produced, Arabic routed via the Byzantium and Spain throughout the Mediterranean. Indeed, the first paper mill in Europe 1045 years after the discovery of the paper in 1150 in Valencia, Spain, Turkey, was founded by Ibrahim Müteferrika the Yalova in 1744.
Approximately 4000 years of writing and writing materials had gained prevalence in the process. One of the most important features of this process, information, events, and the cases are logged manually. 4000 and is available to approximately 700 years after the discovery of paper 8 and 9 centuries in China and Japan with the reproduction of sacred texts in order to block printing method, and in 1041 the Chinese Pi Seng had been used in printing, printing technique, developed separately by typing the letters. Printing technique in the Far East for almost 500 years after these events the first printing press in Europe was used by Gutenberg in 1444. The important point to emphasize here, even the spread of the printing press is the main determinant of industrialization in Europe. Renaissance, the Enlightenment era and the emergence of the industrial revolution in Europe, information society, the level of education and the need for society to increase in parallel, naturally increased the demand for sources of information, and the spread of the accelerated development of the printing technique.
In Turkey, the results are extremely interesting and thought-provoking. First of all, the papyrus and parchment paper before the recording media used in the text, the Turks have lived and abroad in areas acquired and used. Paper and the printing press there the same way, the first effective use of the Turks living in the regions. However, this printing tools and materials, and the Turks had been used in areas inhabited by one industry event in Europe have become kazanamadan. The first printing by the Jews who migrated to Turkey from Spain to Istanbul, nearly fifty years after the introduction in Europe in 1493 and later brought to the Armenians in 1567 and has been used by the Greeks in 1627. The first printing press in the Ottoman Empire in 1728 by Muslims in Istanbul has been established. Both foreigners and Muslims out of their houses by the works of established and published in the print shops, although only 19 publication in the Ottoman Empire activity started to gain in the second half century (Mass, 2002, s.111). Considering it was founded in 1744 in a paper factory in the Ottoman Empire, Turks, and even in the areas under their management, communication tools based on written culture to win the event on the social level, or even be created even if the requirement can be said in this direction. In other words, the printed media, but it has always developed areas inhabited by Turks and utilizing the same degree of success achieved to internalize it. Built-in writing, a product of culture, a nomadic society, naturally enough, could not be expected to take effect. Accordingly, the verbal culture to be effective in society, reducing the need for writing instruments.
In 1609 the first newspaper in the world Avisa, Strasbourg Relation oder Zeitung is published on a weekly basis with the name of German (İnuğur, 1982, p.57), it is only about 220 years after the Ottoman İstanbulda'ki-although within the boundaries of the French Embassy 1796 - Between 1798-the Middle East, the first newspaper in the French newspaper yayımlasa Mısrıyye name issued in Cairo in 1828, Case-il. Today is the first Turkish newspaper published within the borders of Turkey, which started publishing in 1831 Calendar-i Vekayi'dir (Levis, 2000, 95). The emergence of newspapers, the publication of information on provincial and central government thinking has important functions in terms of becoming more efficient. Previously individuals and groups around them and often the information verbally and in erişebilirlerken, the emergence and spread of newspapers with the expansion of this boundary, regional and / or country has moved. However, newspapers have begun to deliver more current information to readers. The emergence and spread of newspapers, but also in terms of the central government has brought some advantages and disadvantages. Newspapers or through supporting governments produced a powerful propaganda tool for the first time have become. In addition, the center began concentrating the flow of information through the provinces, the central point of all social groups began to benimsetilmeye. However, the forces against the central power, in terms of spreading their ideas have had a more powerful communication tool. Naturally, this also raises the effective implementation of a censor applications. In terms of communication is concerned, the newspapers have an important function, especially the expansion of the written culture has been developed.
The spread of newspapers, national and even international scale has become a communication tool, to be transferred naturally necessitated consideration of the same level of information and news. In corporate news and events in newspapers around the world alone in the absence of the possibility of acquisition resulted in the emergence of institutions that will operate in this area has been established, and news agencies. In 1835, the first news agency Agence Havas in the world (ceremonial, 2005, p.76) while establishing the name in Paris, Turkey, the Anatolian Agency's foundations were laid in 1920 (BSc, 2002, p.4).
Starting with the more than 5,000 years of writing and about writing the cultural tradition that can be activated within a time period of the 19th century. 's from the last quarter and will contribute to their development, as well as his rival was faced with new communication tools. Photo, in 1839 after the invention of books, newspapers and so on. the printed media, such as the text next to a more efficient use of imagery and information has become possible to convey to readers a more attractive fashion. Developments in photography, writing for the first time alongside the emergence of a new communication tool is also extremely important in terms.
In this process, the development of telegraph and telephone, communication and content brought a new dimension. In 1844, Samuel Mors'un developed a special alphabet (Morse code) coded electrical signals to be sent to the transmitter and receiver that allows long distance telegraph cable connection established between the (ceremonial, 2005, 70), and increasing the speed of communication has played an active role in moving into a new dimension . However, the first wireless telegraph communication by Marconi in 1899 was above the English Channel. Development of telegraph, communication, national and international scale, the size of the localities and moving, but also to enrich the content of newspapers and has enabled them to obtain more up to date news. Telegraph military zone management, trade and other areas of daily life directly influenced much of social life. Of Istanbul, Edirne, Turkey, laying the first telegraph line was started in 1847 and entered service in 1854 (dubbed 2006).
In 1876, nearly 30 years after the discovery of the telegraph, the telephone is a communication tool to another wire size for the first time a human voice was able to move to another dimension. This is the opening of a new era in communications history, again to increase the effectiveness of verbal culture has led to the start. In 1908 Turkey was the first phone to use. 20. Aubrey Fessenden in 1906 at the beginning of the century, the human voice over the radio waves from Massachusetts to ships passing in the Atlantic Ocean, has enabled the development of radio (Atabek, 2001, 72). Undertaking important function in military and commercial fields, especially radio, and even without being tied to any transfer of sound is crucial.
19. century. 'in the second half of the telegraph, telephone and wireless technology developments in the field they are not directly a mass communication tool, Radio started broadcasting in 1920, pioneered in the U.S. real sense. Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey, the first radio broadcast was in 1927 (Kocabaşoğlu, 1980). Newspapers, radio broadcasting its predecessor, the most distinctive difference in means of mass communication, verbal culture of one product while another is writing. Appeared in the newspapers the opportunity to obtain more updated information than radio listeners have become more timely access to Information. Radio, newspapers, music, etc. According to another advantage. a mass communication tool is that it allows for the first time streamed entertainment.
However, the addition of sound, including the visual impact of television broadcasting has been a lot more. There are different historical approaches to the beginning of television broadcasting. The first television broadcasts by the BBC in London in 1928, and Cavalier Jeanneney by the institution and at the same place in the same states that started in November 2, 1936.
The first television broadcast is launched in Turkey in 1952 by ITU, the actual television broadcasting started in 1968 by the TRT (Yanatma, 2008, and Saint, 1998). Television broadcasting of entertainment and communication all the way before him, completely changed the traditional our institutions and social relations. Television, the sound can be monitored well as making it more visual appeal also include, in particular the spatial dependence of the cinema, and it destroyed our houses, carried a certain extent. However, television and audio visual presentation of the obtained of information has to be more durable.
Cable tv for the first time in 1948, which was introduced in the U.S. application (Atabek, 2001, s.83) television broadcasting frequencies, which has become a problem for many broadcast channel is a method used to solve the problem. In Turkey, the first cable-tv broadcasts River in 1980 in Istanbul and Ankara, Middle East Video Video Company by the Company at that time the only television channel TRT Television broadcasts via cable in addition to the distribution of films started with videotape. In 1989 PTT Ankara Cankaya rate of the first cable TV Site started on a trial basis.
Printing and other technological tools outside of its products in Turkey, despite the emergence of at least 15-20 years after the start of use, cable TV, there are two reasons for nearly forty years after the arrival of the agenda. The first of these to be the monopoly of television broadcasts for many years and the only channel TRT-Turkey's first private television broadcasting started broadcasting in the early 1990s and later spread-and second-1990s until the beginning of the need for telecommunications infrastructure in technologically, and is inadequate in terms of prevalence.
With these improvements in 1979, for the first time began to run through the teletext television channels broadcasting in Britain, the news has still allows for access in writing, via television. Videoteks broadcasting was introduced in the same period, the interactive television broadcasting has been a pioneer. The space race that emerged after the Second World War contributed to the development of satellite technologies. The development of these technologies, then all kinds of satellite communication technology and dissemination of mass media played a role in an effective manner. Today, satellites, determines the size of the main tools of communication.
Newspaper, radio and television since the moment they appeared undertake important functions in the development of the individual and society, each vehicle its own readers, listeners and viewers constituted. Even the mass media, self-perceived as a threat to its existence came after. However, mass media, to follow developments in the broadcasting policy review and continued to survive and enrich the contents.
The development of internet and digital broadcasting since the early 1990s, mass media and politics, and the contents completely changed the understanding of the current publishing, made accessible to all in a single environment.
Sputnik into space called the first time in the Soviet Union on 4 Ekim1957 sent an unmanned vehicle, in order to conquer the U.S. technological superiority of the race in 1969, the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) established. Body's main objective in the country, to ensure coordination of activities between military and academic units, increase cooperation, exchange of information between agencies to perform and to create an effective medium of communication. In this network the first time in 1972 and 1973 in the e-mail sent outside the U.S., over a network connection is established with the University College London in England. In 1986, a strong network structure of the National Science Foundation (NSFnet) connected to Arpanet, and prepared the ground for today's infrastructure since 1995, expanded to include commercial organizations, information network, called a network of networks called the Internet has emerged.
Today, "new media referred to as" Another factor in allowing the emergence of the process is the development of digital broadcasting. Text, audio, video, photos, and so on. electronic environment that allows the transfer of all kinds of information and development of the so-called digital publishing, working on the basis of computer technology and completely different from traditional media.
The spread of digital broadcasting, information written in the field of naturally observed in the first place, in 1983 electronic full texts of the American Chemical Society journals began to offer service through a commercial company. But the real sense through the internet and other academic networks, publishing projects in 1989 the "cold fusion" has gained momentum after the event. Graphics, images and so on. The digitization of information lies in the direction until 1960. Capable of much more than the written texts, however, obliges transactions because of research in this field, in the early 1990s, computer technology, the development of microprocessors, the event had gained with the increase in processing speed and kapasitelilerinin.
The first applications of electronic and Internet broadcasting media sector has emerged in the United States. In 1995, eight major U.S. newspapers, online, print-ready pages of newspapers at newspaper readers come together in order to transfer computer yayımcılığında virtual era started at the institutional level. This stage of development in other countries following the newspapers (Der Spiegel, and USA Today, etc.) entering the virtual version of the Internet have begun to publish. The first step in online publishing environment of the Internet in Turkey using the traditional media has taken in July 1995 Actual Journal. It was followed immediately after the October 1995 Journal of Leman. Practices in our country, first started publishing newspapers, online media agency of the BBC and has been on December 2, 1995.
Development of digital broadcasting, the publication of information influenced virtually all areas of social life to entertainment. Publication of information, storing and accessing information centers kaybederlerken old weights, thanks to the Internet through the motorways of the information, individuals have access to information have become more international level. By delivering public services to electronic media, ranging from health to education services more effectively and efficiently within the scope of e-government started to be all kinds of taxes and payments to be paid on the internet started. As a result of the presentation and offering access to electronic information and service areas formed between the 'interaction', the traditional management style evolved from the 'mutual governance' has started on the understanding that the configuration of a democratic order. Public institutions and organizations, including the economic, commercial, health, education, cultural and so on. abandoned all units of central government and diffuse perception of structured (decentralized) won the event management thought. Together with the economics of the Internet phenomenon of globalization and the law to be effective in almost all aspects of social life as a result of this started to make all arrangements in this context. International regulations, local applications is becoming more active, more multinational companies and organizations has also increased the weight of countries in the mechanism of decision. However, all these developments and technology, creating enformasyonu countries, but also the creation of an effective international arrangements to have a say in that field, while the position of the recipient countries to implement the decisions faced often.
The functioning of the Internet and digital broadcasting developments in the field of media institutions, has created significant changes in organizational structure and relationships between them. Digital technology and multi-publishing systems, traditional media (newspapers, television, radio, etc.). National sovereignty had not yet even if there is an end, forcing the restructuring of the power system, causing the dissolution process of a new era in başlatmıştır.Tarihsel have emerged with each new communication tool and won a corporate identity is perceived as a threat to the media. However, in practice, the new communication tools, rather than the menace of what is existing cooperation and partnership to create a condition often undertake important functions in the formation of the environment, and even benefited from the same sources of information dissemination. However, radical changes in the process we call the new media order were seen.
One of the most important basic differences between traditional and new media to organize and operate arises. The traditional media organization and a powerful addition to capital, building, printing and so on. collection of information with all kinds of infrastructure requirements, such as its readers, listeners and / or the audience of technical equipment, the transfer will take place in the period, experienced and qualified personnel are needed. Limitations of the printed page, especially the media, the media both in their own correspondents, as well as regional, national and international news agencies that get the reader to transfer the selection and creation of an effective decision-making requires. Managers and bosses are effectively determining the choice of thinking and world view becomes news, events, facts and information transferred to the reader in accordance with their perspectives, it also raises the censorship restrictions, especially in a team. Also active during periods of classical political influence of media censorship, due to the institutional structure of the media, can be applied more effectively.
Permitted to communicate with minority often gives a couple of old technologies, the demands and tastes of the majority is determined by the minority. New technologies allow the majority to reach its wishes to Information. Manufacturer based in the old communication technologies, and provides the same communications content for all viewers. New communication technologies and the computer's memory to the user-centric multi-rendered format of Access to Information.
In order a new media is the Internet and a digital broadcasting, determining, are two different views. First, the media, than in the past, financial resources, infrastructure conditions and the investment is much less efficient in terms of staff, has the opportunity to broadcast up to date and comprehensive national and even international level can be effective. This is a somewhat local, national and / or provide the chance to express themselves on an international scale. Secondly, newspapers, radio and television broadcasting, like all emerging media give rise to the structure of a media monopoly is much more powerful. This is much more effective governments, and community environment and the formation of a router, as well as the transfer of the event and phenomena rather unsophisticated, popularized, directed, often restrictive and leads to the development of a broadcasting perspective. In the hands of different economic and interest groups, media companies, the same event within the framework of their own perspectives on readers, listeners and viewers and transmits the individual and / or pollution of the information society in which most of the time, or been given it believes that the framework of their own value judgments, or choose the path of truth, the research is. However, community interest groups, individuals and communities in all circumstances because of a lot more differentiation has become more accessible to Information. In addition, many non-governmental organizations and interest groups, the Internet provided new possibilities of information access, thanks to its members and other social groups may play role in more effective way of raising awareness.
Today the media are faced with two different images. The first of these is often produced under commercial purposes, for the world and nearly one-tipleştirmeye capable of destroying the local culture is the broadcasting perspective to be enabled. Secondly, communications and new media opportunities, thanks to the power of local media, portability, and with them all kinds of cultural value to the international dimension, the knowledge accumulation and the possibility of the event and phenomena that we have caught their ulaştırılabilme the world outside. Yeni iletişim ortamı, tekelleşmenin getirdiği dünyanın tek tipleştirilmesi yönündeki olumsuzlukları giderme açısından önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır.
Geleneksel ve yeni medya arasındaki en temel farklılıklardan biri enformasyonun yayımı sürecindeki güncellik, hız ve etkileşim alanlarında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Geçmiş dönemlerde, gazeteler yayınlandığı anda bir önceki günün haberlerini aktarabilme şansına sahipken, televizyonlar haber ve görüntüleri, yayın merkezine ulaştığı anda izleyiciler ile paylaşabilmekteydi. Günümüzde, internet ortamında yayınlanan gazeteler Web sayfaları aracılığı ile, televizyonlar da canlı yayınlarla dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde meydana gelen olayları anında okuyucu ve izleyicilerine aktarabilmektedirler.
(devamı 2. bölümde)

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